anatomy and physiology of female reproductive system pdf

This phase of the ovarian cycle, when the tertiary follicles are growing and secreting estrogen, is known as the follicular phase. ovary is the primary female reproductive organ and has two important functions: producing the female reproductive cell (the egg or ovum) and producing the hormones estrogen and progesterone. However, the study was prematurely terminated after 5.2 years because of evidence of a higher than normal risk of breast cancer in patients taking estrogen-only HT. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. In the uterus, progesterone from the corpus luteum begins the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, in which the endometrial lining prepares for implantation (see Figure 27.15). Combining superb illustrations with accessible and informative text, this book covers all the body systems and key concepts encountered from the start of the pre-registration nursing or healthcare programme, and is ideal for anyone looking ... Methods This is a methodological development study carried out between November 2014 and February 2016, in Fortaleza city in Ceará State. The correlation of the hormone levels and their effects on the female reproductive system is shown in this timeline of the ovarian and menstrual cycles. Current guidelines approve HT for the reduction of hot flashes or flushes, but this treatment is generally only considered when women first start showing signs of menopausal changes, is used in the lowest dose possible for the shortest time possible (5 years or less), and it is suggested that women on HT have regular pelvic and breast exams. 1 Anatomy & Physiology Reproductive System Worksheet Male 1. In all cases, the virus enters body cells and uses its own genetic material to take over the host cell’s metabolic machinery and produce more virus particles. Mapping Human History with Mitochondrial DNA, (a) The maturation of a follicle is shown in a clockwise direction proceeding from the primordial follicles. In a normal cell, p53 detects DNA damage in the cell’s genome and either halts the progression of the cell cycle—allowing time for DNA repair to occur—or initiates apoptosis. As a result of these mechanisms, the oocyte–granulosa cell complex is pulled into the interior of the tube. In contrast, the thicker stratum functionalis layer contains the glandular portion of the lamina propria and the endothelial tissue that lines the uterine lumen. INTRODUCTION • The reproductive organ in female are those which concerned with copulation, fertilization, growth and development … male and female reproductive system. Gametogenesis in females is called oogenesis. This anterior view shows the relationship of the ovaries, uterine tubes (oviducts), and uterus. Thus, the ovum can be thought of as a brief, transitional, haploid stage between the diploid oocyte and diploid zygote. Get the BIG PICTURE of Gross Anatomy in the context of healthcare – and zero-in on what you really need to know to ace the course and board exams! Gross Anatomy: The Big Picture is the perfect bridge between review and textbooks. In addition to its mucus-secreting cells, the inner mucosa contains ciliated cells that beat in the direction of the uterus, producing a current that will be critical to move the oocyte. As long as a functional corpus luteum is present in the ovary, the endometrial lining is prepared for implantation. Indeed, a recent study determined that 42.5 percent of females had HPV at the time of testing. 2. In the ovary, an oocyte surrounded by supporting cells is called a follicle. If this is left unchecked, a bacterial infection (sepsis) could quickly become life-threatening. INTRODUCTION II.THE FEMALE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVARY It is the primary sex organs of female. As the granulosa cells divide, the follicles—now called secondary follicles—increase in diameter, adding a new outer layer of connective tissue, blood vessels, and theca cells—cells that work with the granulosa cells to produce estrogens. The dominant follicle produces more estrogen, triggering positive feedback and the LH surge that will induce ovulation. If the oocyte is successfully fertilized, the resulting zygote will begin to divide into two cells, then four, and so on, as it makes its way through the uterine tube and into the uterus. 4. From here, the baby can draw milk through the lactiferous ducts by suckling. These lactiferous ducts each extend to a lactiferous sinus that connects to a glandular lobe within the breast itself that contains groups of milk-secreting cells in clusters called alveoli (see Figure 27.17). The round ligament attaches to the uterus near the uterine tubes, and extends to the labia majora. The average menstrual cycle is 14 days. Learning Outcomes. As in men, the hypothalamus produces GnRH, a hormone that signals the anterior pituitary gland to produce the gonadotropins FSH and LH (Figure 27.13). The lobes themselves are surrounded by fat tissue, which determines the size of the breast; breast size differs between individuals and does not affect the amount of milk produced. In fact, roughly 99 percent of the follicles in the ovary will undergo atresia, which can occur at any stage of folliculogenesis. Figure 5. body parts Male reproductive system Anatomy physiology reproductive system work male Human female reproductive system cloze work Chapter 25 reproduction and human development work Female reproductive system Wikipedia April 18th, 2019 - The female reproductive system is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in Human anatomy includes both gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. mons pubis. Once inside, the muscular contractions and beating cilia move the oocyte slowly toward the uterus. Once menstrual flow ceases, the endometrium begins to proliferate again, marking the beginning of the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle (see Figure 27.15). The major organs of the female reproductive system are located inside the pelvic cavity. Cycle length is determined by counting the days between the onset of bleeding in two subsequent cycles. Objectives. The one that does not die will continue to grow and develop until ovulation, when it will expel its secondary oocyte surrounded by several layers of granulosa cells from the ovary. rcu;C 355 FtmßQi/r-c PIQ C) 10. A recent study suggests that the HPV vaccine has cut the rates of HPV infection by the four targeted strains at least in half. series on the effects of ageing explores the changes occurring in the female and male reproductive systems, and the role of hormone replacement therapy. As with spermatogenesis, meiosis produces the haploid gamete (in this case, an ovum); however, it is completed only in an oocyte that has been penetrated by a sperm. In 2006, the first vaccine against the high-risk types of HPV was approved. Identify the female reproductive system structures … Because birth control pills function by providing constant estrogen and progesterone levels and disrupting negative feedback, skipping even just one or two pills at certain points of the cycle (or even being several hours late taking the pill) can lead to an increase in FSH and LH and result in ovulation. Therefore, even though oogenesis produces up to four cells, only one survives. Potential pathogens are less likely to survive in these acidic conditions. The female sex organs consist of both internal and external genitalia. developed near the kidneys during fetal development ,and toward the end of pregnancy descend into the pelvic cavity Female Reproductive System ANS 215 Physiology … Gross Anatomy of the Human Female Reproductive System 12. The ovary comprises an outer covering of cuboidal epithelium called the ovarian surface epithelium that is superficial to a dense connective tissue covering called the tunica albuginea. In the male reproductive system, the major organs are the testicles, epididymis, scrotum, vas deferens, ure-thra, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, Cowper’s gland, and the penis. Science & Mathematics. 7.The hormone that works with estrogen to prepare the endometrium for implantation of a fertilized egg is LH. .IE#EEEo8oB8gifqkB ⇐smiOFE If fertilization has occurred, this fluid will nourish the ball of cells now developing from the zygote. Eventually, this process leads to the depletion of all follicles in the ovaries, and the production of estrogen falls off dramatically. Unlike its male counterpart, the female reproductive system is located primarily inside the pelvic cavity. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 license. Gametogenesis in females is called oogenesis. Nature. During lactation, milk moves from the alveoli through the lactiferous ducts to the nipple. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland regulate the ovarian cycle and ovulation. As a result of these large follicles producing large amounts of estrogen, systemic plasma estrogen concentrations increase. Menopause is the cessation of the menstrual cycle that occurs as a result of the loss of ovarian follicles and the hormones that they produce. Most of the uterus is myometrial tissue, and the muscle fibers run horizontally, vertically, and diagonally, allowing the powerful contractions that occur during labor and the less powerful contractions (or cramps) that help to expel menstrual blood during a woman’s period. Learn about the internal anatomy of the female reproductive system, including the ovaries, cervix, uterine tubes, and uterus. Meiosis II then resumes, producing one haploid ovum that, at the instant of fertilization by a (haploid) sperm, becomes the first diploid cell of the new offspring (a zygote). The number of primary oocytes present in the ovaries declines from one to two million in an infant, to approximately 400,000 at puberty, to zero by the end of menopause. It also serves as the exit from the uterus during menses and childbirth. Images and pdf's - Just in case you get tired of looking at the screen we've provided images and pdf files that you can print out and use for 'off-line ... understand the functions of the integumentary system. Finally, the uterosacral ligament stabilizes the uterus posteriorly by its connection from the cervix to the pelvic wall. The walls of the vagina are lined with an outer, fibrous adventitia; a middle layer of smooth muscle; and an inner mucous membrane with transverse folds called rugae. 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